Blockchain for Supply Chain: Track and Trace Architectures

This is brought to you by a Senior Engineer over at 7Block Labs.

The specific technical headache you’re feeling

Hey there! It seems like you're working with EPCIS 1. So, it looks like the two feeds and those EDI 856/940/945 messages aren't really lining up with what the regulators are looking for regarding "CTEs/KDEs by TLC" (you know, the Traceability Lot Code). So, according to FSMA 204, you've got to create a sortable electronic spreadsheet within 24 hours. No pressure, right? In the meantime, your internal data is all over the place, spread across various WMS, MES, and ERP systems, and the terminology isn’t even consistent. It can be pretty confusing! If you overlook just one little link in the chain, you might end up blowing a recall from a couple of pallets to a whole two weeks’ worth of production. That's a huge jump! The FDA has definitely made it clear that the 24-hour response time really applies to those covered foods. (fda.gov).

You've been procrastinating on serialization and traceability because, let's be honest, the regulators just keep extending those deadlines. "Yeah, that's definitely a point, but honestly, it's going to bite you in the long run." So, the FDA is kicking off a stabilization period for the DSCSA and plans to roll out some exemptions in phases through 2025 and 2026. If you wait until the last exemption is wrapped up, you’re going to find yourself racing against the clock. Meanwhile, wholesalers and 3PLs are already pushing for package-level interoperability in their orders. It’s best to stay ahead of the game! (fda.gov).

• The team over in Europe is really interested in Digital Product Passports. Hey there! Just a heads up--starting February 18, 2027, there’s a new Battery Regulation coming into play. It’s going to require passports for EV/industrial and LMT batteries. Plus, the ESPR is expanding the DPP expectations to cover even more product categories. So, mark your calendars and stay informed! If your master data isn’t in sync with GS1 and you can’t easily look it up, you might be in for some real trouble with customs--and that could lead to retail chargebacks down the line. (batteryregulation.eu).
• Worried about expenses? Hey, you're definitely not the only one feeling that way! A lot of people believe that public chains can be pretty expensive. "After Dencun rolls out, EIP-4844 will help rollups manage short-term data without emptying your wallet. Just picture this: each blob is around 128 KB, aiming for about three blobs in each beacon block, and they’ll be pruned roughly every 4,096 epochs--so that’s like every 18 days or so." These days, anchoring Merkle roots of daily EPCIS batches is way more affordable compared to the traditional calldata methods we used to rely on. (docs.teku.consensys.io).

Finding the right balance between privacy and compliance can feel like walking a tightrope. Your suppliers might feel a bit uneasy about revealing their whole sub-tier network. If we don't have the right privacy measures in place, it can be a real challenge to get everyone on the same page. Zero-Knowledge (ZK) methods are pretty cool because they let you prove that "this batch followed policy P and kept everything secure" without revealing who was involved in the process. It’s like being able to show you’ve done something right without spilling any personal details! Early frameworks and a bit of academic research suggest that this is definitely achievable at the enterprise level.
(arxiv.org).

What’s at risk if this drags on

• Missed regulatory windows: So, FSMA 204 might have pushed back the enforcement deadline to July 20, 2028, but don’t forget that the requirement to keep those 24-hour records is still hanging around. Companies are really stepping up their game to avoid any potential legal issues. If you wait until 2027, you’re probably going to end up shelling out extra cash to get all your supplier connections updated in a hurry. (fda.gov).
• Retail and cross-border friction: GS1 UK is raising some serious concerns that businesses not prepped for DPP might run into some trouble when trading in the EU. Procurement teams are going to begin incorporating those DPP/EPCIS clauses long before we reach that legal deadline. (thetimes.co.uk).
• Recall blast radius: If you’re missing those TLC-linked CTEs, figuring out your containment might turn into a real headache. Walmart demonstrated an impressive transformation in their ability to trace the source of their products. Initially, it used to take days to track things down, but with the right data model and a solid network in place, they managed to cut that time down to just seconds. That's pretty remarkable! That kind of speed isn’t just a nice-to-have; it really makes a difference between a smooth, focused withdrawal and a total chaos of a multi-SKU recall. (lfdecentralizedtrust.org).
• The Price of Doing Nothing: So, Gartner has noticed a couple of big trends lately. First off, everyone's really focusing on building resilience these days. And then there's this pesky issue called "pilot purgatory." It’s when teams get stuck thinking that blockchain is just a new platform instead of recognizing it as a reliable data assurance layer that needs to align with established standards. It's definitely something to watch out for! (gartner.com).

7Block’s architecture and delivery methodology

We don’t just throw everything out and start fresh. "Instead, we focus on making sure your current systems are strong and reliable."

First things first, let’s kick things off with the data model: GS1 EPCIS 2. 0/CBV 2. 0. 1.

So, just a heads up--Capture and Query APIs are all standardized now, thanks to EPCIS 2. You can work with JSON/JSON-LD, REST/OpenAPI, and even sensor telemetry. It’s pretty versatile! Alright, let’s get started! First, we’ll take your CTEs and KDEs--like receiving, transforming, shipping, and all that good stuff--and turn them into EPCIS events. We’ll make sure to include the GTIN/SGTIN, locations (that’s your GLN), and TLCs along the way. This way, everything stays organized and easy to track! Take a look at it over at gs1.org. You might find it interesting!

We’ve created an OSS-friendly EPCIS repository--kind of like OpenEPCIS--that sits right alongside your ERP, WMS, and MES. This way, we can easily grab events using connectors. This toolkit comes packed with some handy features like identifier translators that switch between URN and GS1 Digital Link. Plus, you'll find version converters that help you with all sorts of updates. 2⇄2. 0), plus a few tools for generating event hashes. For more info, just check out openepcis.io. You'll find all the details you need there!

If you’re a brand that really cares about giving customers a great experience, we’ve got your back! We use GS1 Digital Link and GS1 Digital Signatures to make sure your links and labels are authenticated. It’s all about keeping things secure and trustworthy for your audience! This is super useful for making sure everything stays safe from tampering and counterfeiting. Learn more on (github.com).

2) Hybrid Ledger Pattern: Permissioned for Data, Public for Integrity

The hybrid ledger pattern really hits the sweet spot by blending the advantages of both worlds. On one side, you've got a permissioned ledger taking care of all your data, which means you've got the control and privacy you really want. On the flip side, the system stays solid thanks to a public ledger that makes everything clear and easy to check.

Key Features

• Permissioned Access: Only users who have the right clearance can get in and engage with the data on the permissioned side. This helps make sure that sensitive info stays with a group you can trust.
• Public Integrity: Thanks to the public ledger, anyone can easily check if transactions are legit without needing to see the actual data. It’s all about transparency! Being open about things really helps in building trust with users.

Benefits

1. Better Security: When you keep a tight lid on who can access the data, you really cut down on the risk of someone messing with it.

2. Trust and Transparency: By using a public ledger, anyone can verify the authenticity of transactions. This openness really helps build trust in the system, making it feel more reliable for everyone involved.

3. Flexibility: Companies have the freedom to tailor their permissioned ledger to fit their unique requirements. Plus, they can still enjoy the robust integrity checks that come with the public ledger. It’s like getting the best of both worlds!

This hybrid approach is really starting to catch on in all sorts of fields, like finance and supply chain management. It’s becoming a favorite choice for people looking to get the best of both worlds!

• Permissioned layer: We're tapping into Hyperledger Fabric or Besu for that sweet consortium-level performance, plus we've got private channels to keep things secure and efficient. So, all the event payloads? They actually hang out off-chain in your EPCIS repository. This way, the chain just focuses on keeping track of references and policy states.

So here’s the deal: we grab EPCIS event hashes from every facility, day by day. Then, we bundle all that info into a Merkle root. After that, we anchor it on an EVM L2 using these EIP-4844 blob-carry transactions. It’s a pretty neat process! So, those blobs? They stick around for about 18 days before getting pruned. But no need to stress! The KZG commitments are still there, ready to prove that the data was actually present. This way, we’re able to keep costs down on anchoring while still making sure everything’s easy to track. (docs.teku.consensys.io).

• Why this is important: With this setup, regulators or partners can easily check that your EPCIS record--and, by extension, your 24-hour spreadsheet--hasn't been messed with later on. The best part? They can do this without needing to snoop around in your private data.

3) Embracing Privacy by Design with Zero-Knowledge

When we dive into the topic of privacy, the idea of "privacy by design" really stands out as a key player. What it really means is that we need to consider privacy right from the get-go of any project, rather than just tacking it on at the end. It’s like building a house--you want to lay a solid foundation before adding the finishing touches! When you combine this approach with Zero-Knowledge technology, you’re really stepping things up a notch.

So, here's the deal with Zero-Knowledge proofs: They allow one person to convince another that they know a certain value, but they don’t actually have to show what that value is. Pretty neat, right? This is a total game-changer for privacy! Let me break down how it works for you:

• No Data Leaks: Thanks to Zero-Knowledge technology, you can verify information while keeping your sensitive details completely private.
• User Control: People are gaining more control over their data. They can get involved in verification processes without having to spill any of their secrets.
• Trust: It really helps create a stronger bond of trust between users and the systems they use, especially because it keeps their data safe from unnecessary exposure.

Some practical applications include:

1. Authentication: You can access services without having to type in your password. 2. Voting Systems: It’s all about keeping your vote private while also making sure it’s counted fairly. 3. Financial Services: It's all about keeping your transaction info under wraps while still showing you’ve got the green light for those purchases.

To wrap it up, mixing privacy by design with Zero-Knowledge not only keeps user info safe but also boosts security and builds trust in our online interactions.

We build ZK circuits that show how "chain-of-custody correctness" and "policy compliance" work, all without spilling any details about the people involved or the prices. Let me share some of the common circuits we typically deal with:

• Custody proof: Basically, the prover needs to demonstrate a clear and ongoing trail of ObjectEvents and AggregationEvents for a TLC across various time frames and locations that are on an approved list. They also need to back everything up with cryptographic links that tie back to the Merkle root for the day.
• Content bounds: We rely on range proofs for our sensor data, which is pretty crucial when it comes to keeping an eye on things like cold-chain temperatures. It’s all about making sure those temps stay within the set limits, so everything remains safe and sound!
• Having the certificate: We store VC attestations (like organic or GMP) in ZK. This way, buyers can check if it’s "valid" without having to dig into the actual certificate file. Pretty handy, right? So, when we check out past work and references, it’s pretty obvious that doing the proofs off-chain keeps things efficient. Only the verification part actually makes it onto the chain, which really helps to keep overhead low. We're all about using the latest proving systems like Plonk and Halo2, along with the Poseidon hash right in the circuit to really amp up performance. (arxiv.org).

4) Enterprise Identity and Attestations (No Vendor Lock-in)

When it comes to managing identities in the enterprise world, steering clear of vendor lock-in is super important. Basically, businesses want to have some flexibility and not get locked into just one provider. They enjoy keeping their options available! Let me break down why this matters and how you can make it happen:

• Flexibility: Since you're not locked in with just one vendor, you have the freedom to change providers or tools whenever your needs shift, and you can do it without breaking a sweat.
• Cost Efficiency: You get the chance to explore different options and hunt for the best deals that suit your budget. This way, you’re not stuck paying a higher price to just one vendor.
• Innovation: Since there are so many options out there, you're more likely to tap into the coolest new features and advancements from different companies.

How to Achieve No Vendor Lock-in

1. Stick with Open Standards: Choose identity solutions that follow the standards everyone knows and trusts. This will really help you connect with different systems smoothly and make it a breeze to switch providers if you ever need to.

2. Cloud Agnostic Solutions: Try to find identity management options that can seamlessly work across different cloud platforms. It's all about flexibility, after all! With this approach, you won’t be tied down to just one provider's ecosystem.

3. Data Portability: Look for tools that make it super easy to export and manage your data. That way, you won't feel stuck or restricted! This means you can easily take your data with you if you ever want to switch to a different service.

4. API-First Approach: Go for platforms that come with strong APIs. This way, you can easily link up with other services without feeling like you’re stuck in a box. It’s all about having that freedom to integrate and expand your options!

5. Keep It Simple: Go for solutions that’ll easily fit into your current systems. This way, making the switch won’t feel like a huge hassle, and you can keep things running smoothly.

If you keep these things in mind, you can create a solid enterprise identity framework that’s flexible and will grow with you. This way, you'll never feel locked into just one vendor as your needs change.

• We’re really into W3C DIDs and Verifiable Credentials 2. So, when you’re wondering, “who signed off on this event?” you can quickly check it using cryptography and easily share that information across different systems. Just a heads up, you're all set with data up to October 2023. The 0 family officially got the W3C Recommendation stamp of approval back in May 2025, while DID Core has been rocking that title since 2022. Pretty cool, right? Take a look at this link: (w3.org). It’s pretty interesting! So here’s the deal: your suppliers are gonna sign EPCIS events using keys that are connected to their DID. Oh, and by the way, when you're onboarding, they’ll show you and verify all those credentials like GFSI, ISO 22000, GDP, and a few others too. It's all part of the process! If necessary, we can totally use Zero-Knowledge proofs to keep any sensitive information private.

5) Compliance Mappings That De-risk Procurement

When you're dealing with procurement, figuring out compliance can really feel like tiptoeing through a minefield. No need to stress! Compliance mappings are here to help you navigate any tricky situations and ensure your procurement processes stay safe and secure. Here’s how they work:.

What Are Compliance Mappings?

Compliance mappings are like handy tools that help you link your procurement practices to the right regulations and standards. It’s all about making sure you’re on the right track with the rules! They make sure that what you’re working on meets all the legal standards, which really helps keep you safe from any trouble that could come from not following the rules.

Why Do You Need Them?

Having strong compliance mappings set up can really help in a few ways.

• Cut Down on Legal Risks: Staying in sync with laws and regulations helps you avoid headaches from legal problems in the future.
• Build Supplier Trust: When suppliers notice that you’re serious about following the rules, they’re much more likely to want to partner with you. It shows them that you care about doing things right!
• Boost Operational Efficiency: Having clear mappings helps simplify your procurement process and makes it a breeze to bring new suppliers on board.

How to Create Compliance Mappings

1. Find the Right Regulations: First things first, jot down the laws and standards that are relevant to your industry. It’s a good idea to have a clear picture of what applies to your specific area. 2. Link Compliance Needs to Your Procurement Steps: Make sure to connect the compliance requirements with the different stages of your procurement process. 3. Document Everything: It's super important to jot down all your mappings. This way, everyone on your team stays in the loop and knows exactly what's going on. 4. Check In Regularly: Compliance rules are always evolving, so it's a good idea to make it a routine to review your mappings every now and then.

Tools to Help You Out

There are quite a few tools available that can really help you out with creating and managing compliance mappings. Here are a few that really stand out:

• ComplianceQuest: It's awesome for keeping tabs on compliance with all your suppliers!
• GRC Platforms: You know, tools like RSA Archer really make it easier to manage governance, risk, and compliance. They're super helpful for keeping everything organized!
• Custom Solutions: You know, sometimes the best way to go is to whip up a solution that’s just right for you and your unique needs.

When you get your compliance mappings right, you’re really on your way to transforming your procurement process. Not only will it help you stay compliant, but it’ll also make everything run smoother and build trust along the way.

• FSMA 204: We’ve created some event types, assigned TLC roles, and set up a reporting job that gives you the option to generate a sortable spreadsheet whenever you need it, all within 24 hours. So, even though they're suggesting pushing back the compliance deadline to July 20, 2028, we still have to stick to the rule of providing records within 24 hours. We're totally dedicated to hitting that target! (fda.gov).
• DSCSA: We’ve put together a plan for package-level identifiers, made it easier to share information across systems, and created some workflows to deal with any suspect or counterfeit products linked to EPCIS events. We’re keeping the timelines for exemptions in mind as we plan out our rollout phases with manufacturers, wholesalers, and dispensers. (fda.gov).
• EU Battery Passport/DPP: We're working on a data service that's fully geared up for the DPP. This includes GS1 identifiers and EPCIS provenance, and it’s all in line with the Battery Regulation milestones kicking off on February 18, 2027. This is especially important for LMT/industrial batteries that are over 2 kWh and electric vehicles. (batteryregulation.eu).
• Security & Audit: We take security seriously around here! We're committed to meeting the standards for SOC 2 Type II and ISO 27001 controls, so you can rest easy knowing your data is in good hands. We’ve got you covered with Single Sign-On (SSO) using SAML/OIDC, so logging in is a breeze! Plus, we offer role-based access to make sure everyone has the right permissions. When it comes to security, we take key custody seriously with HSM/MPC, and you can count on us to keep detailed change logs that are all set for any audits.

6) Cost Control: Using "Blobs" Effectively

When you're trying to manage costs, using “blobs” can really give you an edge. Alright, let’s dive into how to use them the right way!

1. Get to Know Blobs: So, blobs are basically big binary objects that help us store data in a much more efficient way. They’re pretty handy for managing large amounts of information! Consider them your go-to fix for managing large heaps of unstructured data without emptying your wallet.

2. Pick the Right Storage: Make sure you're using the right storage solutions that can handle blobs effectively. For instance, cloud services like AWS S3 or Azure Blob Storage are really solid choices. They're built to help you save some cash while still giving you the flexibility you need.

3. Make Your Data Work for You: Instead of just piling everything into blobs, take a moment to organize it. Hey, why not take a moment to tidy up the data you’ve got stored? A little optimization can go a long way! Go ahead and clean up any duplicate files or stuff you don’t really need anymore. Not only does this help you save some cash, but it also keeps your storage nice and tidy!

4. Keep an Eye on Your Access Patterns: It's a good idea to track how frequently you’re accessing your blobs. If you’ve got some data that’s not being accessed all that often, why not think about archiving it? You could move it to a more budget-friendly storage option. It’s a smart way to save some cash! This could really help slash your costs in the long run!

5. Automate Cleanup: Get into the groove of setting up automated tasks that will routinely check and tidy up your blobs. It’s a great way to keep things organized without lifting a finger! Sticking to a routine can really help you avoid spending money on storage you don’t need.

If you keep these tips in mind, you’ll be able to manage your costs while still getting the most out of your blobs!

• Anchoring strategy: Each day at every site, we zero in on a single anchor. This anchor is pretty powerful; it can manage thousands, or even millions, of events all at once, thanks to something called a Merkle tree. The proofs link the spreadsheets all the way back to the original source. So, when we're talking about rollups, the blob fee market is designed to target around three blobs for each block. Each blob is 128 KB and is usually pruned after about 18 days. This makes the whole process pretty budget-friendly and easy on storage space. If you want to dive deeper into this, just click here for all the details! Hey there! If you're interested in getting full L1 anchoring for specific markets, we've got you covered with regular L1 checkpoints, usually on a weekly basis. Just a heads up, most of the heavy lifting happens on L2, though.

7) Delivery: “90-Day Pilot → 9-Month Rollout”

• Days 0-15: Let’s get started by diving into a data assessment and laying the groundwork for EPCIS 2. It’s all about understanding what we have and setting the stage for what's to come! It's zero for one product family, one distribution center, and two suppliers.
• Days 16-45: It’s time to kick things off with OpenEPCIS! We’ll be rolling it out, along with setting up those connectors and signers (like DID/VC). Plus, we’ll get the daily anchor contract up and running on an L2. Let’s make sure everything’s smooth sailing!
• Days 46-75: Alright, we’re diving into a ZK PoC. Let’s showcase how we keep custody seamless for a specific lot. We're going to put together a regulator-style layout for a daily spreadsheet and double-check everything against the Merkle root to make sure it all lines up.
• Days 76-90: It's time to pull everything together! You'll want to create a procurement package that covers all the important stuff. Make sure it includes the total cost of ownership (TCO), some clear success metrics, a solid statement of work (SOW), a change-management plan, and a mapping of those SOC 2/ISO controls. Let’s tie up those loose ends and get everything in order!

Check out these related services that might come in handy for you:

• Complete setup and integration: Take a look at our web3 development services and blockchain integration to help you get everything up and running without a hitch!
• Full-stack builds and orchestration: Check out our custom blockchain development services and cross-chain solutions if you're looking for all-in-one builds. We've got you covered!
• Smart Contracts and Reviews: We’ve got you covered with our smart contract development services! Plus, we provide thorough security audit services to ensure everything stays safe and sound.
• App Layer and Partner Portals: Check out our dApp development and asset management platform development services to really boost your applications. You might find just what you need to take things to the next level!

Scenario: Fresh Produce to a National Grocer, FSMA 204 Covered

So, if you’re planning to get fresh produce to one of those well-known grocery store chains, there are definitely a few key points to consider--especially with the FSMA 204 regulations in the mix. Here's the lowdown on what you should know.

Understanding FSMA 204

FSMA 204 is actually a part of the Food Safety Modernization Act. Its main goal is to step up food safety standards all across the supply chain. So, if you’re in the business of delivering fresh produce, you really need to keep an eye on your products. Tracking and tracing them is key!

Key Requirements

1. Traceability: It's super important to know where your produce is coming from and where it's headed next. This means you'll need to keep track of everything from growing and harvesting to packing and shipping.

2. Food Safety Plans: It's important to whip up a solid food safety plan that clearly lays out how you'll tackle and keep an eye on any safety risks.

3. Training: It's super important for everyone on your team to be up to speed with FSMA regulations. Make sure they really grasp why food safety matters so much.

4. Documentation: Make sure to keep your documentation on point! This means jotting down everything from production notes to shipping logs. Trust me, it’ll save you a lot of headaches later on!

Steps to Compliance

• Create a Traceability System: Leverage technology to stay on top of your records and keep everything neat and tidy. No matter if you're using a basic spreadsheet or some fancy software, just go for what suits you best. Whatever gets the job done!
• Regular Audits: Make it a habit to do routine checks to keep an eye on your food safety practices. It's a good way to make sure everything is running smoothly!
• Stay in the Loop: FSMA regulations aren’t set in stone and can change from time to time. So, it’s a good idea to keep yourself updated on any new guidelines or updates as they come along.

Conclusion

When you're supplying fresh produce to a national grocery chain, it's super important to stay on top of FSMA 204 compliance. If you focus on traceability, put together a solid food safety plan, train your team well, and keep your records on point, you'll really help make sure that your produce hits all the right standards. Just a friendly reminder: let’s make sure we’re keeping the food safe for everyone!

• Ingestion So, DC scanners, which are all about tracking SGTINs, batches, and expiry dates, send their info into EPCIS ObjectEvents. We’re talking about stuff like readPoint being a GLN and the business step being receiving. Plus, we've got TLC assignments in the mix too! On top of that, IoT probes are doing their thing by sending sensor data right into EPCIS 2. 0 sensor extensions. The supplier app basically adds a digital signature to every shipment's EPCIS bundle using its DID key. Plus, there's a VC that supports their GFSI certificate. And if you really want to take things to the next level, you can prove it using Zero-Knowledge (ZK) proofs to keep all those certificate details private. (w3.org).
• Repository So, OpenEPCIS takes care of a few key tasks: it captures queries, manages the JSON-LD context, and converts GS1 Digital Links. Every night, we start a job that builds a Merkle tree from the event hashes that came in throughout the day for each data center. (openepcis.io).
• Anchor So, basically, a batcher shoots over the Merkle root to an Anchor contract using a transaction that carries a blob on an Ethereum L2. This blob holds the day’s OpenAPI attestations along with a compact proof index. Just so you know, the KZG commitment sticks around even when the blob gets pruned. (docs.teku.consensys.io).
• Audit
• When the FDA shows up, your system can whip up a detailed spreadsheet in just 24 hours. The verifier tool goes through each row, recalculates the Merkle leaf, and then compares it to the anchored root to make sure everything checks out. So, if you're into selective disclosure, a ZK proof can really help you out. It lets you show that you've got custody continuity and are keeping everything temperature-compliant, all without having to reveal every single intermediate GLN. It's a smart way to keep things under wraps while still proving you’re following the rules!

A lightweight Solidity skeleton for the anchor:

Check out this simplified Solidity skeleton that you can use for your anchor project:

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Anchor {
    string public name = "Anchor Token";
    string public symbol = "ANCR";
    uint8 public decimals = 18;
    uint256 public totalSupply;

    mapping(address => uint256) public balanceOf;
    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) public allowance;

    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    constructor(uint256 _initialSupply) {
        totalSupply = _initialSupply * 10 ** uint256(decimals);
        balanceOf[msg.sender] = totalSupply;
    }

    function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success) {
        require(balanceOf[msg.sender] >= _value, "Insufficient balance");
        balanceOf[msg.sender] -= _value;
        balanceOf[_to] += _value;
        emit Transfer(msg.sender, _to, _value);
        return true;
    }

    function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success) {
        allowance[msg.sender][_spender] = _value;
        emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, _value);
        return true;
    }

    function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success) {
        require(balanceOf[_from] >= _value, "Insufficient balance");
        require(allowance[_from][msg.sender] >= _value, "Allowance exceeded");

        balanceOf[_from] -= _value;
        balanceOf[_to] += _value;
        allowance[_from][msg.sender] -= _value;
        emit Transfer(_from, _to, _value);
        return true;
    }
}

Go ahead and tweak this outline however you like! Make it your own!

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.24;

contract EpcisDailyAnchor {
    // siteId => day (YYYYMMDD) => merkle root
    mapping(bytes32 => mapping(uint32 => bytes32)) public roots;
    event Anchored(bytes32 indexed siteId, uint32 indexed yyyymmdd, bytes32 merkleRoot);

    function anchor(bytes32 siteId, uint32 yyyymmdd, bytes32 merkleRoot) external {
        require(roots[siteId][yyyymmdd] == 0x0, "already anchored");
        roots[siteId][yyyymmdd] = merkleRoot;
        emit Anchored(siteId, yyyymmdd, merkleRoot);
    }
}

We combine this with:

So, we've got EIP‑712 typed data that lets us handle off‑chain signatures for EPCIS bundles. With this approach, the procurement and QA teams can easily verify signers without having to dive into the blockchain. So, there's this verifier microservice that you can use. It takes your spreadsheets, recalculates all the hashes for you, and then gives you a signed attestation. Basically, it’s like a fancy certificate that says, “Yep, your data checks out and matches the anchored root.” Pretty cool, right? ”.

Best emerging practices we recommend

• **EPCIS 2. Level up your edge capturing game, one step at a time: It's time to give your handheld devices, scales, and PLCs a little upgrade so they can start generating EPCIS. By using the GS1 JSON-LD context together with REST OpenAPI, you can keep everything running smoothly and consistently. It’s a great way to ensure that everything works as it should! Take a look at this link: (ref.gs1.org). You might find it interesting!
• Avoid storing payloads on the blockchain: It's better to just use hashes and keep the proofs minimal. Make sure to hold on to the real content in your EPCIS repository. Just be sure you've got solid retention and access controls set up--think along the lines of SOC 2 or ISO 27001 standards for your evidence.
• Empower suppliers to manage their own data: Distribute DIDs, collect VCs, and opt for ZK proofs instead of relying on raw documents whenever possible. This change is definitely going to make it simpler for people to join in. More info here: (w3.org).
• Anchor frequently, but verify when it counts: Using daily or site-level anchors really hits that sweet spot between being affordable and providing peace of mind. And if a recall comes up, you'll be able to show proof that you submitted that exact spreadsheet--pretty useful, right?
• Get ahead on the EU DPP/Battery Passport: Start prepping your product data service so that your QR code leads to a signed Digital Link record. Don't forget to include a DPP payload that connects to EPCIS provenance!
  Just a heads up! Batteries will need their passports by February 18, 2027. And don’t forget, other categories are going to fall under the ESPR too. So, keep an eye out for those updates! If you want to dive deeper into the topic, check it out here: batteryregulation.eu. It's got all the info you need!
• Go for blobs instead of calldata: If you're diving into rollups, using blob-carry transactions can really help slash those data availability costs. So, they get pruned after roughly 18 days, but the commitments stick around for a bit longer while they’re verified. Hey, you should totally check out the details over at this link: (docs.teku.consensys.io). It's got some great info!

What outcomes look like on the ground

• Trace speed: Walmart’s mango pilot really cut down the time it takes to track down where the product comes from. Instead of waiting about a week, now you can get that info in just 2 days! Just 2 seconds! When you've got a rock-solid data model in place--like GS1 or EPCIS--and you make sure everything's secure, tracking down recalls turns into a breeze instead of a frantic race against time. It's all about having that system set up right! (lfdecentralizedtrust.org).
• Be ready for regulations without any guesswork:
• FSMA 204: So, even though there's a new compliance deadline on the horizon--July 20, 2028--we've already got the necessary 24-hour response set up for you. Feel free to take a look at our easy-to-use sortable spreadsheet that has all the links intact! (fda.gov).
• DSCSA: Make sure you're prepped for the exemption schedule coming up in 2025-2026. It's a great opportunity for manufacturers, wholesalers, and dispensers to finally get package-level interoperability down and avoid that last-minute panic during audits! (fda.gov).
• EU Battery Passport/DPP: Make sure to have those DPP documents linked to GS1 and EPCIS ready to go so you can avoid any hiccups at the EU border when February 18, 2027, rolls around. (batteryregulation.eu).
• Procurement-safe delivery: With 7Block’s approach, you can seamlessly integrate into your source-to-pay (S2P) process and make sure your info security checks are all squared away. We’re talking about stuff like SOC 2/ISO 27001 controls, single sign-on (SSO), role-based access, and user-friendly logs. And the best part? You don’t have to ditch your ERP system to make it work!
• GTM metrics we’re on board with during pilots:
• Time-to-first-trace: It takes less than 30 days from when we start mapping the data to having that first solid proof of custody for a specific SKU or distribution center.
• Ready-to-go packets around the clock: Just press a button to export, and you'll get Merkle verification in under 60 days.
• Supplier onboarding: It takes less than 2 hours to get your first signed EPCIS bundle, which includes issuing the DID key and capturing events. Plus, for those smaller suppliers, we’ve got a super quick QR-based invite process that wraps up in under 15 minutes!
• Cost per anchor: It’s under a buck a day for each site on the big L2s after the 4844 update. Plus, there’s an option for weekly L1 checkpoints if you need them for your internal policies. We've broken down the mechanics and fee market in 4844 for you. Don’t worry, we’ll help you figure out the exact costs during the pilot phase. ) (ethereum.org).
• Business impact: These are the baseline figures you can use to compare with your profit and loss statements. They give you a good reference point!
• Recall precision: You can cut down on recalled products by about 10-30% by tightening things up with TLC-linked CTEs. In the food industry, this small adjustment can save companies millions every single time there's a recall. Pretty impressive, right? (ibm.com).
• Working capital: By having dependable inventory updates, a lot of networks can actually keep about 10% less safety stock on hand. That extra cash can really add up, especially when you’re dealing with larger operations. This trend aligns with what industry analysts are saying about how a lack of visibility can lead to over-buffering. ) (gartner.com).
• Supplier compliance: By speeding up those verification processes--like using VC or ZK--you can really cut down on how long it takes to onboard new suppliers and get through audits. It frees you up to stop chasing after endless spreadsheets!

What we’ll deliver, concretely

Hey, take a look at our EPCIS 2! Check out this awesome repository! It’s got everything you need for REST/OpenAPI, along with a JSON-LD context. Plus, there's a super useful feature for converting to GS1 Digital Links. Plus, we’ve teamed up with your ERP, WMS, MES, and scanners to keep everything running like a well-oiled machine. (ref.gs1.org).

• We've got an anchor contract on an EVM L2 that features daily site roots. Oh, there's this cool independent verifier tool that links your FSMA 204 spreadsheet directly to the anchored root. It really helps keep everything in sync, which is super handy! (docs.teku.consensys.io).

Make sure your supplier identity is locked down with our DID/VC-based system! We’ve got optional ZK proofs available for custody and policy compliance, so you can rest easy knowing your trade secrets are secure while still sailing through those audits. (w3.org).

If you're looking for a one-stop shop, we've got a procurement-ready package lined up just for you! It comes with everything you need--architecture, runbooks, SOC 2/ISO 27001 mappings, SLAs, and TCO--making it super easy to get started.

If you’re thinking about leveling up your setup with cool stuff like portals, mobile capture, cross-chain routing, or even raising funds for a consortium, we’ve got some awesome options for you!

• Take a look at our cross-chain solutions development - we think you'll find it interesting!
• Check out our blockchain bridge development services!
• Check out our token development services! We’d love to help you get started. Oh, and make sure to check out our fundraising options too! You won’t want to miss them!

Closing note

If you're feeling stuck in "pilot purgatory," the best move you can make is to ease up on trying to do it all at once. Embrace EPCIS 2. You're using zero as your common language. You can totally show your integrity without shelling out a ton of cash--just use those 4844 anchors to your advantage! With ZK, you can keep everything under wraps and make sure that your outputs are spot on with the regulations that procurement teams and regulators expect.

Book a 90-Day Pilot Strategy Call

Are you excited to really get into your project? Let's schedule a 90-Day Pilot Strategy Call! This is a great opportunity for us to come up with a solid plan that can genuinely make a difference.

What to Expect

During our call, we’ll:

First things first, take a moment to think about what you really want to achieve and what’s been holding you back.

• Come up with a personalized plan that works just for you. Here’s a quick rundown of what we should do next to keep the good vibes rolling:

How to Set It Up

Hey there! If you want to schedule a call, just hit the link below and pick a time that suits you best. Looking forward to chatting!

Schedule Your Call

I can’t wait to chat and help you get started on your journey!

References and Sources for Specific Claims

Hey there! Have you had a chance to look into the features of EPCIS 2? It’s pretty cool, and I think you'll find it really interesting! You're all set with 0** (think JSON-LD and REST/OpenAPI) plus the OpenEPCIS toolchain. If you want to dive deeper into the topic, check out gs1.org for more details. They'll have plenty of useful info for you!

Hey, have you heard that Walmart and IBM pulled off traceability in just 2? That's pretty impressive! Wow, just 2 seconds? That's really something! If you want to learn more about it, check out the details at lfdecentralizedtrust.org. You won't be disappointed!

Hey there! If you're wondering about the FSMA 204 24-hour rule, there's some news: they're thinking about pushing back the enforcement deadline to July 20, 2028. Just a little heads-up! If you want the nitty-gritty details, definitely head over to fda.gov. They’ve got all the info you need!

Hey there! If you're curious about the DSCSA stabilization period and what the exemption timelines look like, check out this link to fda.gov. It'll give you all the details you need!

The EU Battery Passport and DPP timelines are definitely key points to consider, especially when you think about the ESPR context. It's all pretty relevant right now! If you’re curious to learn more, check out batteryregulation.eu for all the details!

Want to dive into the nitty-gritty of EIP‑4844 blob mechanics? Check out the details on blob size, pruning, and the target blobs per block over at docs.teku.consensys.io. You’ll get all the info you need!

Curious about ZK privacy in supply chains? You might want to dive into the insights from PrivChain/TradeChain on arxiv.org. It's definitely worth a look!

Hey there! If you're curious about it, check out the W3C DID Core (2022 Rec) and VC 2. They're pretty cool resources that you might find useful! Hey, if you're searching for something good to check out, give the 2025 Recs a glance--they're definitely worth your time! For all the info you need, just check out w3.org. It's all there waiting for you!